TLS
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Handshake:
The handshake begins when a client connects to a TLS-enabled server requesting a secure connection and the client presents a list of supported ( and ).
From this list, the server picks a cipher and hash function that it also supports and notifies the client of the decision.
The server usually then provides identification in the form of a . The certificate contains the , the trusted (CA) that vouches for the authenticity of the certificate, and the server's public encryption key.
The client confirms the validity of the certificate before proceeding.
To generate the session keys used for the secure connection, the client either:
encrypts a (PreMasterSecret) with the server's public key and sends the result to the server (which only the server should be able to decrypt with its private key); both parties then use the random number to generate a unique session key for subsequent encryption and decryption of data during the session
uses to securely generate a random and unique session key for encryption and decryption that has the additional property of forward secrecy: if the server's private key is disclosed in future, it cannot be used to decrypt the current session, even if the session is intercepted and recorded by a third party.
Certificate:
"A digital certificate certifies the ownership of a public key by the named subject of the certificate, and indicates certain expected usages of that key. This allows others (relying parties) to rely upon signatures or on assertions made by the private key that corresponds to the certified public key."